“It's just one divided by one minus the tax rate is what you would need to multiply the Roth conversion by to know the total amount you'd have to take out to also cover the tax bill”

“If you discover you have a low-income year, you could do Roth conversions to take advantage of a lower tax bracket.”

“If you're doing Roth conversions late in the year, which is pretty much the best time to do it because you have a better sense of what your overall income picture would look like. If you can wait until after January 1st to pay that estimated tax bill, then you're pushing that problem into the next year”

“We've got a flat tax rate... contribute, pay 15% tax, 10% capital gains tax until retirement. And then you pay no tax.”

“The annual cap on this before tax contributions currently sits at around $32,500 a year. And if you haven't used your full cap in previous years, you can often carry forward the unused amount for up to five years”